anti-Myostatin (MSTN) Antikörper

Zebrafish Myostatin (MSTN) Interaktionspartner

1. Mstnb and Inhbaa inversely control Smad2 and Smad3 transcription factor activities through alternate Activin type 2 receptors.

2. The results indicate that mstnb but not mstna plays a key role in zebrafish muscle growth. While each paralogue contributes to the response to bacterial insult, mstnb affects the immune system through activation of the NF-kappaB pathway, and mstna is likely to act upstream of NF-kappaB at some as yet unidentified target.

3. improving muscle growth in a fish species by mixing a classical strategy, such as compensatory growth, and a biotechnological approach, such as the use of recombinant proteins for inhibiting the biological actions of MSTN(Myostatin)

4. Fasting effect on myostatin-1 and -2 mRNA expression is strain specific.

5. the expression of myostatin during development and the effects of its knock-down on various genes such as muscle regulatory transcription factors (MRFs), muscle-specific proteins (MSP), and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs).

6. The results show that mstn-1 gene expression is more sensitive to nutrient conditions of fish than traditional indicators such as the RNA/DNA ratio.

7. Epistatic analyses suggest a possible genetic interaction between Wnt/beta-catenin and Myostatin in regulation of slow and fast twitch muscle myofibrillogenesis

Medaka Myostatin (MSTN) Interaktionspartner

1. TALENs-mediated gene disruption of myostatin produces a larger phenotype of medaka with an apparently compromised immune system

2. Findings suggest that myostatin (MSTN) function is required for regulating the appropriate growth of skeletal muscle in medaka

Human Myostatin (MSTN) Interaktionspartner

1. Studied levels of serum myostatin as an indicator of muscle mass in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Found serum myostatin levels not to be effective biomarker for muscle mass in HD patients.

2. The higher expression levels of GDF8 and its functional receptors (ACVR2A, ACVR2B, and ALK5) in antral follicles of PCOS ovaries than those in normal ovaries suggest the possible involvement of dysregulated GDF8 in the pathogenesis of PCOS.

3. Intermuscular fat infiltration (IMAT) at baseline and the reduction in IMAT infiltration after aerobic exercise training are related to skeletal muscle myostatin protein content.

4. Results indicate that Mstn is overexpressed in abdominal aortic wall deterioration, affects vascular smooth muscle cells and monocyte biology and sustains a chronic inflammatory milieu. These findings propose to consider Mstn as a new playmaker in atherosclerosis progression.

5. Compared to controls, the negative muscle regulator myostatin was elevated in lung transplantation recipients at baseline and follow-up, whereas its opponent follistatin only showed a group-specific difference at follow-up.

6. the relative abundance of mature myostatin in plasma is negatively associated with bone mineral density.

7. Circulating plasma myostatin and follistatin are negatively associated with muscle function in older women.

8. Mstn deficiency-induced apoptosis took place along with generation of reactive oxygen species and elevated fatty acid oxidation, which may play a role in triggering mitochondrial membrane depolarization, the release of cytochrome c, and caspase activation.

9. the maturation and secretion of myostatin precursor MstnPP and its metabolites in a human muscle cell line, was investigated.

10. Acute high-intensity interval exercise decreased irisin levels and increased myostatin levels.

11. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease patients with moderately preserved renal function have higher levels of FasL, myostatin and urine TGF-beta1 than controls

12. Tolloid cleavage activates latent GDF8 by destabilizing specific prodomain-growth factor interfaces and primes the growth factor for release from the prodomain.

13. Myostatin pathway is down-regulated in the neuromuscular diseases.

14. the prodomain:GDF8 complex can exist in a fully latent state and an activated or "triggered" state where the prodomain remains in complex with the mature domain

15. Higher serum myostatin levels correlated with muscle mass loss, hyperammonemia, and impaired protein synthesis, as reflected by lower serum albumin levels and lower branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio levels. High serum myostatin levels were also associated with a reduced OS rate in LC patients.

16. Study showed the expression of myostatin in healthy endometrium and a higher expression in endometriosis and endometrial cancer, suggesting myostatin involvement in human endometrial physiology and related pathologies.

17. Studied levels of myostatin in both serum and synovial fluid in patients with knee osteoarthritis and found both correlated with severity of knee osteoarthritis.

18. Myostatin (and Smad2) were significantly up-regulated in the failing heart of female patients, but not male patients.

19. The Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF11) and Myostatin (MSTN) in tissue specific aging.

20. MSTN 153Arg(R) polymorphism is associated with long distance running success.

Mouse (Murine) Myostatin (MSTN) Interaktionspartner

1. Crystal structure of the WFIKKN2 follistatin domain reveals insight into how it inhibits growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) and GDF11.

2. we hypothesize that MSTN KO could activate p38MAPK signaling pathway by CDC42, and we further deciphered the function of MSTN in the regulation of skeletal muscle development, immune processes, and mitochondrial energy metabolism.

3. The effects of myostatin on the mechanical properties of muscles depend on muscle type and maturity.

4. these data suggest a novel role for SIRT6 in maintaining muscle mass by controlling expression of atrophic factors like Mstn and activin.

5. Results suggest that syndecan-4 functions as a reservoir for promyostatin regulating the local bioavailability of mature myostatin.

6. Myostatin deletion attenuated the expression of proliferator-activated receptor 1 coactivator and fibronectin domain 5 in three different murine muscle types

7. Our study demonstrated that local inhibition of Myostatin in diabetic bony defects can lead to a significant enhancement of osteogenesis, osteogenic differentiation and proliferation.

8. Block of myostatin promotes a regenerative immune response in an animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

9. the prodomain:GDF8 complex can exist in a fully latent state and an activated or "triggered" state where the prodomain remains in complex with the mature domain

10. Myostatin deletion increases lean muscle mass and results in muscle-specific increases in endothelium-dependent vasodilation.

11. Indoxyl sulfate enhanced the production of myostatin by enhancing oxidative stress in skeletal muscle, leading to muscle atrophy.

12. Myostatin inhibition therapy for insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes has been proposed in an experimental model.

13. maternal myostatin deficiency altered fetal growth and calvarial collagen content of newborn mice and conferred a lasting impact on bone geometry and biomechanical integrity of offspring at 4 mo of age.

14. Mstn regulates Fndc5/Irisin expression and secretion through a novel miR-34a-dependent post-transcriptional mechanism; loss of Mstn in mice leads to the increased Fndc5/Irisin expression, which contributes to the browning of white adipocytes

15. Axon diameter and myelin thickness were increased in motor axons of myostatin deficient animals.

16. These data illustrate the importance of lipids as a link by which MSTN deficiency can impact mitochondrial bioenergetics in skeletal muscle.

17. Myostatin inhibits eEF2K-eEF2 by regulating AMPK to suppress protein synthesis.

18. These results demonstrate that a greater than additive effect is observed on the growth of skeletal muscle and in the reduction of body fat when myostatin is absent and IGF1 is in excess, and that myostatin and IGF1 regulate skeletal muscle size, myofibre type and gonadal fat through distinct mechanisms.

19. Mstn deficiency but not anti-myostatin blockade induces marked proteomic changes in mouse skeletal muscle.

20. GDF8 plays a significant regulatory role in bone formation and bone resorption

Pig (Porcine) Myostatin (MSTN) Interaktionspartner

1. A mutant-type myostatin propeptide (D75A-MSPP) was superior to WT-MSPP in effectively enhancing myofiber growth due to the highly resistant to proteolytic cleavage by the bone morphogenetic protein-1/tolloid (BMP-1/TLD) and thus has potential applications for clinical muscle wasting diseases or for increasing muscle mass in meat-producing animals.

2. This MSTN mutation is an example of putative balancing selection in livestock, providing a plausible explanation for the lack of disrupting MSTN mutations in pigs despite many generations of selection for lean growth

3. Report the generation of isozygous, functional myostatin (MSTN) knockout cloned pigs free of selectable marker gene (SMG) by CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/LoxP. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homologous recombination (HR) was exploited to knock out (KO) one allele of MSTN in pig primary cells.

4. These results indicate that myostatin mediates maternal low protein diet-induced growth retardation, through epigenetic regulation involving FoxO3 and glucocorticoid receptor binding to its promoter.

5. Loss of MSTN increases muscle mass in pigs, which may help increase pork production for consumption in the future.

6. Data show that the protein level of The protein level of myostatin (MSTN) was decreased in the mutant cloned pigs compared with the wild-type controls.

7. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the MYOD1 and GDF8 genes are associated with genetic transcription during myogenesis in pigs.

8. The level of myostatin inversely correlated with miR-27a in fat and heart of pigs and also in proliferating porcine myoblasts. Overexpression of miR-27a in porcine myoblasts promoted cell proliferation by reducing the expression of myostatin.

9. MSTN g.435G>A and g.447A>G affected carcass traits in pigs

10. The genotypes of MSTN g.435G > A and g.447A > G SNPs in Duroc pigs were studied. The 435GG/447AA individually had significantly higher average daily gain, body weight at 70 d and 150 d , and a lower age at 110 kg than 435AA/447GG individuals.

11. Porcine MSTN could be upregulated by isobutyl-1-methylxanthine , MyoD, and PPARgamma but downregulated by C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta.

12. a vital enhancer region was identified between nucleotides -218 and -137 in promoter region of porcine myostatin

13. It was concluded that myostatin is a factor broadly expressed in the internal organs and muscle tissues of pigs.

14. In this study, haplotypes involving 3 polymorphic sites in the promoter region of the porcine myostatin gene were identified and their effect on production traits, gene expression as well as on skeletal muscle traits were analysed.

15. In both skeletal muscle and heart muscle growth, the insulin-like growth factor-2:myostatin interaction seems to play an important role.

16. A comparative analysis of the pig BAC sequence involved in the regulation of MSTN was performed.

17. Polymorphic in various strains of Belgian pigs.

18. Results showed that mstn had a specific expression pattern whose variations depended on the muscle type examined, thus supporting the hypothesis that at birth, porcine myogenic cells continue to be influenced by hyperplastic/proliferative mechanisms

19. similarity of muscular phenotypes between the double-muscled cattle and Pietrain pigs indicated that MSTN may be a candidate gene for muscular hypertrophy in pigs

Cow (Bovine) Myostatin (MSTN) Interaktionspartner

1. may have an intraovarian autocrine/paracrine role to modulate thecal and granulosal steroidogenesis and cell proliferation/survival

2. GH/HpaII locus as candidate marker for body weight in cattle rather than MSTN/DraI.

3. Data indicate that the the promoter trap vector PIII-myostatin could knock out the bovine myostatin gene.

4. The effects of myostatin and myogenic factor 5 polymorphisms on growth and muscle traits of Marchigiana breed were assessed.

5. we demonstrate zygote injection of TALEN mRNA can also produce gene-edited cattle and sheep. In both species we have targeted the myostatin (MSTN) gene.

6. proof-of-concept study is the first to produce MSTN mutations in cattle, and may allow the development of genetically modified strains of double-muscled cattle.

7. Mutations in the leader peptide of the bovine myostatin gene effectively promote the proliferation of bovine fibroblast cells.

8. there were 18 SNPs identified in the Qinchuan cattle promoter region compared with those of other cattle compared to the Red Angus cattle myostatin promoter region.

9. A 3-way interaction of myostatin genotype (MG), season, and trigonometric function periodicities of 24 h and 12 h indicate that a genotype x environment interaction exists for MG.

10. These results show for the first time that myostatin regulates the differential expression of chemokines in skeletal muscle cells.

11. bovine myostatin is a specific target of miR-27b and that miRNAs contribute to explain additive phenotypic hypertrophy in Piedmontese cattle selected for the MSTN gene mutation

12. Mutations in the myostatin gene, responsible for the double muscling condition in cattle, were targeted to estimate the time since the most recent common ancestor. Each myostatin allele had a recent common ancestor (<400 years ago).

13. MSTN promoter polymorphism g.-371T>A may affect carcass traits.

14. Expressions of C-EBPalpha and myostatin in muscles were higher in the concentrate-fed group than in the grass hay-fed group.

15. The sequence of the bovine myostatin gene promoter and first intron from Qinchuan and Red Angus cattle, was analyzed.

16. the selection of the myostatin gene "+" allele has the potential to increase conventional milk production traits in the dual-purpose Belgian Blue breed.

17. The I442M mutation in the NCAPG gene and the Q204X mutation in the GDF8 gene, were identified as substantial modulators of pre- and/or postnatal growth in cattle.

18. extracellular matrix molecules may modulate myostatin activity

19. mutations Q204X and nt821 affect carcass and meat quality

20. Northern blot analysis revealed no appreciable change in myostatin mRNA levels between proliferating myoblasts and differentiated myotubes.

Goat Myostatin (MSTN) Interaktionspartner

1. The average body weight gain (BWG) per day of MSTN KO goats was significantly higher than that of wild-type (WT) goats. MSTN KO goats showed abnormal sugar, fat, and protein metabolism compared with wild-type controls (MSTN(+/+)). Inheritance of mutations was observed in offspring of MSTN KO goats by PCR analysis.

2. MSTN knockdown caused an upregulation (p < 0.05) of MyoD and downregulation (p < 0.01) of MYf5 and FST expression. Moreover, we report up to approximately four fold (p < 0.001) enhanced proliferation in myoblasts after four days of culture. The anti-MSTN shRNA demonstrated in the present study could be used for the production of transgenic goats to increase the muscle mass.

3. The reduced expression of myostatin gene was achieved and measured in clonal fibroblast cells by real-time PCR.

4. This study also suggests the importance of siRNA-mediated knockdown of MSTN as a potential alternative to increase muscle mass and meat production.

5. A study of the MSTN 5' upstream region and investigation of 5'UTR TTTTA deletion was carried out in seven different Indian goat breeds. An 1181 bp fragment of 5' upstream region of MSTN gene was PCR amplified, cloned, and sequenced.

6. myostatin plays a negative role in regulating the expression of adipogenesis related genes in goat fetal fibroblasts.

7. Polymorphisms of myostatin gene as markers associated with growth in Boer goats.

Horse (Equine) Myostatin (MSTN) Interaktionspartner

1. data provides mechanistic evidence that the SINE insertion uniquely accounts for the MSTN "speed gene" effect on race distance aptitude in the Thoroughbred horse.

2. The association between a single nucleotide polymorphism and hypertrophy of muscle fiber in racehorses was studied.

3. identified several mitochondrial phenotypes associated with MSTN genotype in untrained Thoroughbred horses and in addition, our findings suggest that nutritional supplementation with CoQ may aid to restore coenzyme Q activity in TT/NN horses

4. The effect of an Equine Repetitive Element 1 insertion in the promoter of the myostatin gene, which is involved in muscle development, was also investigated.

5. Myostatin mRNA but not protein was increased in skeletal muscle of obese compared with lean animals. Myostatin mRNA was increased in crest fat of obese animals and protein was undetectable. Serum myostatin was higher in obese than lean animals.

6. All three target polymorphisms (Ins227bp, g.66493737 T succeeds C, BIEC2-417495) are suitable markers to assess the ability of non-elite Thoroughbreds to race at short or longer distances.

7. Genotype frequencies in Icelandic horses vary depending on whether the horses were used for meat or riding

8. The tissue-specific presence of myostatin, the moystatin receptor (activin receptor IIB, ActRIIB), follistatin and perilipin, genes and proteins across a range of equine tissues, were examined.

9. The SINE insertion was genotyped in 227 horses from 10 breeds belonging to different morphological types (brachimorphic, mesomorphic, meso-dolichomorphic and dolichomorphic).

10. The candidate for racing performance genomic region contained eight genes annotated by ENSEMBL, including the myostatin gene (MSTN).

11. Polymorphisms of the MSTN promoter region in 5 horse breeds in Poland are reported.

12. significant association observed between genotype and mRNA abundance for untrained horses with the C/C cohort having highest MSTN mRNA levels,T/T group lowest levels and C/T group intermediate levels; following training there was significant decrease in MSTN mRNA which was most apparent for the C/C cohort

13. Exon 2 of the MSTN gene, which encodes part of the TGF-beta pro-peptide, was sequenced in 332 horses of 20 different breeds and compared with the horse MSTN gene sequence deposited in GenBank. The sequences obtained revealed the presence of 11 haplotypes represented by 10 variable nucleotide mutations, eight of them corresponding to amino acid sequence changes.

14. Variation at the MSTN gene influences speed in Thoroughbred horses.

15. This study demonstrates that the g.66493737C>T single nucleotide polymorphism in MSTN provides the most powerful genetic marker for prediction of race distance aptitude in Thoroughbreds.

16. Characterized the horse (Equus caballus) MSTN gene and identified and analysed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in breeds of different morphological types.

Rabbit Myostatin (MSTN) Interaktionspartner

1. Study successfully generated MSTN KO rabbits using CRISPR/Cas9 system with high efficiency. The rabbit showed typical phenotype of double muscle with hyperplasia or hypertrophy of muscle fiber.

2. Alignment of sequence data with the GenBank sequence of the rabbit MSTN gene identified three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Significant linkage was found between the novel SNP c.373+234G>A and nine carcass composition traits.

3. These results suggest that the mutations in the upstream regulatory region of the MSTN gene are beneficial to the rabbit soma development, and the mutations can be used as molecular markers for the selection of the meat quality of rabbits.

4. Studied and compared mRNA levels of myostatin (MSTN), myogenin (MyoG), and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) in skeletal muscles of two rabbit breeds with different body sizes and growth rates.

5. indicated that MSTN is not an important source of variability for performance traits, at least in the rabbit population